clox/compiler.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#include "common.h"
#include "compiler.h"
#include "memory.h"
#include "scanner.h"

#ifdef DEBUG_PRINT_CODE
#include "debug.h"
#endif

typedef struct {
    Token current;
    Token previous;
    bool hadError;
    bool panicMode;
} Parser;

typedef enum {
    PREC_NONE,
    PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
    PREC_OR,
    PREC_AND,
    PREC_EQUALITY,
    PREC_COMPARISON,
    PREC_TERM,
    PREC_FACTOR,
    PREC_UNARY,
    PREC_CALL,
    PREC_PRIMARY,
} Precedence;

typedef void (*ParseFn)(bool canAssign);

typedef struct {
    ParseFn prefix;
    ParseFn infix;
    Precedence precedence;
} ParseRule;

typedef struct {
    Token name;
    int depth;
    bool isCaptured;
} Local;

typedef struct {
    uint8_t index;
    bool isLocal;
} Upvalue;

typedef enum {
    TYPE_FUNCTION,
    TYPE_INITIALIZER,
    TYPE_METHOD,
    TYPE_SCRIPT,
} FunctionType;

typedef struct Compiler {
    struct Compiler* enclosing;
    ObjFunction* function;
    FunctionType type;
    Local locals[UINT8_COUNT];
    int localCount;
    Upvalue upvalues[UINT8_COUNT];
    int scopeDepth;
} Compiler;

typedef struct ClassCompiler {
    struct ClassCompiler* enclosing;
    bool hasSuperclass;
} ClassCompiler;

Parser parser;
Compiler* current = nullptr;
ClassCompiler* currentClass = nullptr;

static Chunk* currentChunk()
{
    return &current->function->chunk;
}

static void errorAt(Token* token, const char* message)
{
    if (parser.panicMode) {
        return;
    }
    parser.panicMode = true;

    fprintf(stderr, "[line %d] Error", token->line);

    if (token->type == TOKEN_EOF) {
        fprintf(stderr, " at end");
    } else if (token->type == TOKEN_ERROR) {
    } else {
        fprintf(stderr, " at '%.*s'", token->length, token->start);
    }

    fprintf(stderr, ": %s\n", message);
    parser.hadError = true;
}

static void error(const char* message)
{
    errorAt(&parser.previous, message);
}

static void errorAtCurrent(const char* message)
{
    errorAt(&parser.current, message);
}

static void advance()
{
    parser.previous = parser.current;

    for (;;) {
        parser.current = scanToken();
        if (parser.current.type != TOKEN_ERROR) {
            break;
        }
        errorAtCurrent(parser.current.start);
    }
}

static void consume(TokenType type, const char* message)
{
    if (parser.current.type == type) {
        advance();
        return;
    }

    errorAtCurrent(message);
}

static bool check(TokenType type)
{
    return parser.current.type == type;
}

static bool match(TokenType type)
{
    if (!check(type)) {
        return false;
    }

    advance();

    return true;
}

static void emitByte(uint8_t byte)
{
    writeChunk(currentChunk(), byte, parser.previous.line);
}

static void emitBytes(uint8_t byte1, uint8_t byte2)
{
    emitByte(byte1);
    emitByte(byte2);
}

static void emitLoop(int loopStart)
{
    emitByte(OP_LOOP);

    auto offset = currentChunk()->count - loopStart + 2;
    if (offset > UINT16_MAX) {
        error("Loop body too large.");
    }

    emitByte((offset >> 8) & 0xff);
    emitByte(offset & 0xff);
}

static int emitJump(uint8_t instruction)
{
    emitByte(instruction);
    emitByte(0xff);
    emitByte(0xff);
    return currentChunk()->count - 2;
}

static void emitReturn()
{
    if (current->type == TYPE_INITIALIZER) {
        emitBytes(OP_GET_LOCAL, 0);
    } else {
        emitByte(OP_NIL);
    }
    emitByte(OP_RETURN);
}

static uint8_t makeConstant(Value value)
{
    auto constant = addConstant(currentChunk(), value);
    if (constant > UINT8_MAX) {
        error("Too many constants in one chunk.");
        return 0;
    }

    return (uint8_t)constant;
}

static void emitConstant(Value value)
{
    emitBytes(OP_CONSTANT, makeConstant(value));
}

static void patchJump(int offset)
{
    auto jump = currentChunk()->count - offset - 2;

    if (jump > UINT16_MAX) {
        error("Too much code to jump over.");
    }

    currentChunk()->code[offset] = (jump >> 8) & 0xff;
    currentChunk()->code[offset + 1] = jump & 0xff;
}

static void initCompiler(Compiler* compiler, FunctionType type)
{
    compiler->enclosing = current;
    compiler->function = nullptr;
    compiler->type = type;
    compiler->localCount = 0;
    compiler->scopeDepth = 0;
    compiler->function = newFunction();
    current = compiler;
    if (type != TYPE_SCRIPT) {
        current->function->name = copyString(parser.previous.start, parser.previous.length);
    }

    Local* local = &current->locals[current->localCount++];
    local->depth = 0;
    local->isCaptured = false;
    if (type != TYPE_FUNCTION) {
        local->name.start = "this";
        local->name.length = 4;
    } else {
        local->name.start = "";
        local->name.length = 0;
    }
}

static ObjFunction* endCompiler()
{
    emitReturn();
    ObjFunction* function = current->function;

#ifdef DEBUG_PRINT_CODE
    if (!parser.hadError) {
        disassembleChunk(currentChunk(), function->name != nullptr ? function->name->chars : "<script>");
    }
#endif

    current = current->enclosing;

    return function;
}

static void beginScope()
{
    current->scopeDepth++;
}

static void endScope()
{
    current->scopeDepth--;

    while (current->localCount > 0 && current->locals[current->localCount - 1].depth > current->scopeDepth) {
        if (current->locals[current->localCount - 1].isCaptured) {
            emitByte(OP_CLOSE_UPVALUE);
        } else {
            emitByte(OP_POP);
        }
        current->localCount--;
    }
}

static void expression();
static void statement();
static void declaration();
static ParseRule* getRule(TokenType type);
static void parsePrecedence(Precedence precedence);

static uint8_t identifierConstant(Token* name)
{
    return makeConstant(OBJ_VAL(copyString(name->start, name->length)));
}

static bool identifiersEqual(Token* a, Token* b)
{
    if (a->length != b->length) {
        return false;
    }
    return memcmp(a->start, b->start, a->length) == 0;
}

static int resolveLocal(Compiler* compiler, Token* name)
{
    for (auto i = compiler->localCount - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
        Local* local = &compiler->locals[i];
        if (identifiersEqual(name, &local->name)) {
            if (local->depth == -1) {
                error("Can't read local variable in its own initializer.");
            }
            return i;
        }
    }

    return -1;
}

static int addUpvalue(Compiler* compiler, uint8_t index, bool isLocal)
{
    auto upvalueCount = compiler->function->upvalueCount;

    for (auto i = 0; i < upvalueCount; i++) {
        Upvalue* upvalue = &compiler->upvalues[i];
        if (upvalue->index == index && upvalue->isLocal == isLocal) {
            return i;
        }
    }

    if (upvalueCount == UINT8_COUNT) {
        error("Too many closure variables in function.");
        return 0;
    }

    compiler->upvalues[upvalueCount].isLocal = isLocal;
    compiler->upvalues[upvalueCount].index = index;
    return compiler->function->upvalueCount++;
}

static int resolveUpvalue(Compiler* compiler, Token* name)
{
    if (compiler->enclosing == nullptr) {
        return -1;
    }

    auto local = resolveLocal(compiler->enclosing, name);
    if (local != -1) {
        compiler->enclosing->locals[local].isCaptured = true;
        return addUpvalue(compiler, (uint8_t)local, true);
    }

    auto upvalue = resolveUpvalue(compiler->enclosing, name);
    if (upvalue != -1) {
        return addUpvalue(compiler, (uint8_t)upvalue, false);
    }

    return -1;
}

static void addLocal(Token name)
{
    if (current->localCount == UINT8_COUNT) {
        error("Too many local variables in function.");
        return;
    }

    Local* local = &current->locals[current->localCount++];
    local->name = name;
    local->depth = -1;
    local->isCaptured = false;
}

static void declareVariable()
{
    if (current->scopeDepth == 0) {
        return;
    }

    Token* name = &parser.previous;
    for (auto i = current->localCount - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
        Local* local = &current->locals[i];
        if (local->depth != -1 && local->depth < current->scopeDepth) {
            break;
        }

        if (identifiersEqual(name, &local->name)) {
            error("Already a variable with this name in this scope.");
        }
    }

    addLocal(*name);
}

static uint8_t parseVariable(const char* errorMessage)
{
    consume(TOKEN_IDENTIFIER, errorMessage);

    declareVariable();
    if (current->scopeDepth > 0) {
        return 0;
    }

    return identifierConstant(&parser.previous);
}

static void markInitialized()
{
    if (current->scopeDepth == 0) {
        return;
    }
    current->locals[current->localCount - 1].depth = current->scopeDepth;
}

static void defineVariable(uint8_t global)
{
    if (current->scopeDepth > 0) {
        markInitialized();
        return;
    }

    emitBytes(OP_DEFINE_GLOBAL, global);
}

static uint8_t argumentList()
{
    uint8_t argCount = 0;
    if (!check(TOKEN_RIGHT_PAREN)) {
        do {
            expression();
            if (argCount == 255) {
                error("Can't have more than 255 arguments.");
            }
            argCount++;
        } while (match(TOKEN_COMMA));
    }
    consume(TOKEN_RIGHT_PAREN, "Expect ')' after arguments.");
    return argCount;
}

static void and_(bool canAssign)
{
    (void)canAssign;

    auto endJump = emitJump(OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE);

    emitByte(OP_POP);
    parsePrecedence(PREC_AND);

    patchJump(endJump);
}

static void binary(bool canAssign)
{
    (void)canAssign;

    auto operatorType = parser.previous.type;
    ParseRule* rule = getRule(operatorType);

    parsePrecedence((Precedence)(rule->precedence + 1));

    switch (operatorType) {
    case TOKEN_BANG_EQUAL:
        emitBytes(OP_EQUAL, OP_NOT);
        break;
    case TOKEN_EQUAL_EQUAL:
        emitByte(OP_EQUAL);
        break;
    case TOKEN_GREATER:
        emitByte(OP_GREATER);
        break;
    case TOKEN_GREATER_EQUAL:
        emitBytes(OP_LESS, OP_NOT);
        break;
    case TOKEN_LESS:
        emitByte(OP_LESS);
        break;
    case TOKEN_LESS_EQUAL:
        emitBytes(OP_GREATER, OP_NOT);
        break;
    case TOKEN_PLUS:
        emitByte(OP_ADD);
        break;
    case TOKEN_MINUS:
        emitByte(OP_SUBTRACT);
        break;
    case TOKEN_STAR:
        emitByte(OP_MULTIPLY);
        break;
    case TOKEN_SLASH:
        emitByte(OP_DIVIDE);
        break;
    default:
        return;
    }
}

static void call(bool canAssign)
{
    (void)canAssign;

    auto argCount = argumentList();
    emitBytes(OP_CALL, argCount);
}

static void dot(bool canAssign)
{
    consume(TOKEN_IDENTIFIER, "Expect property name after '.'.");
    auto name = identifierConstant(&parser.previous);

    if (canAssign && match(TOKEN_EQUAL)) {
        expression();
        emitBytes(OP_SET_PROPERTY, name);
    } else if (match(TOKEN_LEFT_PAREN)) {
        auto argCount = argumentList();
        emitBytes(OP_INVOKE, name);
        emitByte(argCount);
    } else {
        emitBytes(OP_GET_PROPERTY, name);
    }
}

static void literal(bool canAssign)
{
    (void)canAssign;

    switch (parser.previous.type) {
    case TOKEN_FALSE:
        emitByte(OP_FALSE);
        break;
    case TOKEN_NIL:
        emitByte(OP_NIL);
        break;
    case TOKEN_TRUE:
        emitByte(OP_TRUE);
        break;
    default:
        return;
    }
}

static void grouping(bool canAssign)
{
    (void)canAssign;

    expression();
    consume(TOKEN_RIGHT_PAREN, "Expect ')' after expression.");
}

static void number(bool canAssign)
{
    (void)canAssign;

    auto value = strtod(parser.previous.start, nullptr);
    emitConstant(NUMBER_VAL(value));
}

static void or_(bool canAssign)
{
    (void)canAssign;

    auto elseJump = emitJump(OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE);
    auto endJump = emitJump(OP_JUMP);

    patchJump(elseJump);
    emitByte(OP_POP);

    parsePrecedence(PREC_OR);

    patchJump(endJump);
}

static void string(bool canAssign)
{
    (void)canAssign;

    emitConstant(OBJ_VAL(copyString(parser.previous.start + 1, parser.previous.length - 2)));
}

static void namedVariable(Token name, bool canAssign)
{
    uint8_t getOp, setOp;
    auto arg = resolveLocal(current, &name);
    if (arg != -1) {
        getOp = OP_GET_LOCAL;
        setOp = OP_SET_LOCAL;
    } else if ((arg = resolveUpvalue(current, &name)) != -1) {
        getOp = OP_GET_UPVALUE;
        setOp = OP_GET_UPVALUE;
    } else {
        arg = identifierConstant(&name);
        getOp = OP_GET_GLOBAL;
        setOp = OP_SET_GLOBAL;
    }

    if (canAssign && match(TOKEN_EQUAL)) {
        expression();
        emitBytes(setOp, arg);
    } else {
        emitBytes(getOp, arg);
    }
}

static void variable(bool canAssign)
{
    namedVariable(parser.previous, canAssign);
}

static Token syntheticToken(const char* text)
{
    return (Token){
        .start = text,
        .length = (int)strlen(text),
    };
}

static void super_(bool canAssign)
{
    (void)canAssign;

    if (currentClass == nullptr) {
        error("Can't use 'super' outside of a class.");
    } else if (!currentClass->hasSuperclass) {
        error("Can't use 'super' in a class with no superclass.");
    }

    consume(TOKEN_DOT, "Expect '.' after 'super'.");
    consume(TOKEN_IDENTIFIER, "Expect superclass method name.");
    auto name = identifierConstant(&parser.previous);

    namedVariable(syntheticToken("this"), false);
    if (match(TOKEN_LEFT_PAREN)) {
        auto argCount = argumentList();
        namedVariable(syntheticToken("super"), false);
        emitBytes(OP_SUPER_INVOKE, name);
        emitByte(argCount);
    } else {
        namedVariable(syntheticToken("super"), false);
        emitBytes(OP_GET_SUPER, name);
    }
}

static void this_(bool canAssign)
{
    if (currentClass == nullptr) {
        error("Can't use 'this' outside of a class.");
        return;
    }

    (void)canAssign;
    variable(false);
}

static void unary(bool canAssign)
{
    (void)canAssign;

    auto operatorType = parser.previous.type;

    parsePrecedence(PREC_UNARY);

    switch (operatorType) {
    case TOKEN_BANG:
        emitByte(OP_NOT);
        break;
    case TOKEN_MINUS:
        emitByte(OP_NEGATE);
        break;
    default:
        return;
    }
}

ParseRule rules[] = {
    [TOKEN_LEFT_PAREN]    = { .prefix = grouping, .infix = call,    .precedence = PREC_CALL },
    [TOKEN_RIGHT_PAREN]   = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_LEFT_BRACE]    = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_RIGHT_BRACE]   = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_COMMA]         = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_DOT]           = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = dot,     .precedence = PREC_CALL },
    [TOKEN_MINUS]         = { .prefix = unary,    .infix = binary,  .precedence = PREC_TERM },
    [TOKEN_PLUS]          = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = binary,  .precedence = PREC_TERM },
    [TOKEN_SEMICOLON]     = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_SLASH]         = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = binary,  .precedence = PREC_FACTOR },
    [TOKEN_STAR]          = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = binary,  .precedence = PREC_FACTOR },
    [TOKEN_BANG]          = { .prefix = unary,    .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_BANG_EQUAL]    = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = binary,  .precedence = PREC_EQUALITY },
    [TOKEN_EQUAL]         = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_EQUAL_EQUAL]   = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = binary,  .precedence = PREC_EQUALITY },
    [TOKEN_GREATER]       = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = binary,  .precedence = PREC_COMPARISON },
    [TOKEN_GREATER_EQUAL] = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = binary,  .precedence = PREC_COMPARISON },
    [TOKEN_LESS]          = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = binary,  .precedence = PREC_COMPARISON },
    [TOKEN_LESS_EQUAL]    = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = binary,  .precedence = PREC_COMPARISON },
    [TOKEN_IDENTIFIER]    = { .prefix = variable, .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_STRING]        = { .prefix = string,   .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_NUMBER]        = { .prefix = number,   .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_AND]           = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = and_,     .precedence = PREC_AND },
    [TOKEN_CLASS]         = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_ELSE]          = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_FALSE]         = { .prefix = literal,  .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_FOR]           = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_FUN]           = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_IF]            = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_NIL]           = { .prefix = literal,  .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_OR]            = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = or_,      .precedence = PREC_OR },
    [TOKEN_PRINT]         = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_RETURN]        = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_SUPER]         = { .prefix = super_,   .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_THIS]          = { .prefix = this_,    .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_TRUE]          = { .prefix = literal,  .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_VAR]           = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_WHILE]         = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_ERROR]         = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
    [TOKEN_EOF]           = { .prefix = nullptr,  .infix = nullptr, .precedence = PREC_NONE },
};

static void parsePrecedence(Precedence precedence)
{
    advance();
    auto prefixRule = getRule(parser.previous.type)->prefix;
    if (prefixRule == nullptr) {
        error("Expected expression.");
        return;
    }

    auto canAssign = precedence <= PREC_ASSIGNMENT;
    prefixRule(canAssign);

    while (precedence < getRule(parser.current.type)->precedence) {
        advance();
        auto infixRule = getRule(parser.previous.type)->infix;

        infixRule(canAssign);
    }

    if (canAssign && match(TOKEN_EQUAL)) {
        error("Invalid assignment target.");
    }
}

static ParseRule* getRule(TokenType type)
{
    return &rules[type];
}

static void expression()
{
    parsePrecedence(PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
}

static void block()
{
    while (!check(TOKEN_RIGHT_BRACE) && !check(TOKEN_EOF)) {
        declaration();
    }

    consume(TOKEN_RIGHT_BRACE, "Expect '}' after block.");
}

static void function(FunctionType type)
{
    Compiler compiler;
    initCompiler(&compiler, type);
    beginScope();

    consume(TOKEN_LEFT_PAREN, "Expect '(' after function name.");
    if (!check(TOKEN_RIGHT_PAREN)) {
        do {
            current->function->arity++;
            if (current->function->arity > 255) {
                errorAtCurrent("Can't have more than 255 parameters.");
            }
            auto constant = parseVariable("Expect parameter name.");
            defineVariable(constant);
        } while (match(TOKEN_COMMA));
    }
    consume(TOKEN_RIGHT_PAREN, "Expect ')' after parameters.");
    consume(TOKEN_LEFT_BRACE, "Expect '{' before function body.");
    block();

    ObjFunction* function = endCompiler();
    emitBytes(OP_CLOSURE, makeConstant(OBJ_VAL(function)));

    for (auto i = 0; i < function->upvalueCount; i++) {
        emitByte(compiler.upvalues[i].isLocal ? 1 : 0);
        emitByte(compiler.upvalues[i].index);
    }
}

static void method()
{
    consume(TOKEN_IDENTIFIER, "Expect method name.");
    auto constant = identifierConstant(&parser.previous);

    FunctionType type = TYPE_METHOD;
    if (parser.previous.length == 4 && memcmp(parser.previous.start, "init", 4) == 0) {
        type = TYPE_INITIALIZER;
    }
    function(type);
    emitBytes(OP_METHOD, constant);
}

static void classDeclaration()
{
    consume(TOKEN_IDENTIFIER, "Expect class name");
    auto className = parser.previous;
    auto nameConstant = identifierConstant(&parser.previous);
    declareVariable();

    emitBytes(OP_CLASS, nameConstant);
    defineVariable(nameConstant);

    ClassCompiler classCompiler;
    classCompiler.hasSuperclass = false;
    classCompiler.enclosing = currentClass;
    currentClass = &classCompiler;

    if (match(TOKEN_LESS)) {
        consume(TOKEN_IDENTIFIER, "Expect superclass name.");
        variable(false);

        if (identifiersEqual(&className, &parser.previous)) {
            error("A class can't inherit from itself.");
        }

        beginScope();
        addLocal(syntheticToken("super"));
        defineVariable(0);

        namedVariable(className, false);
        emitByte(OP_INHERIT);
        classCompiler.hasSuperclass = true;
    }

    namedVariable(className, false);
    consume(TOKEN_LEFT_BRACE, "Expect '{' before class body.");
    while (!check(TOKEN_RIGHT_BRACE) && !check(TOKEN_EOF)) {
        method();
    }
    consume(TOKEN_RIGHT_BRACE, "Expect '}' after class body");
    emitByte(OP_POP);

    if (classCompiler.hasSuperclass) {
        endScope();
    }

    currentClass = currentClass->enclosing;
}

static void funDeclaration()
{
    auto global = parseVariable("Expect function name.");
    markInitialized();
    function(TYPE_FUNCTION);
    defineVariable(global);
}

static void varDeclaration()
{
    auto global = parseVariable("Expected variable name.");

    if (match(TOKEN_EQUAL)) {
        expression();
    } else {
        emitByte(OP_NIL);
    }
    consume(TOKEN_SEMICOLON, "Expected ';' after variable declaration.");

    defineVariable(global);
}

static void expressionStatement()
{
    expression();
    consume(TOKEN_SEMICOLON, "Expect ';' after expression.");
    emitByte(OP_POP);
}

static void forStatement()
{
    beginScope();

    consume(TOKEN_LEFT_PAREN, "Expect '(' after 'for'.");
    if (match(TOKEN_SEMICOLON)) {
        // No initializer
    } else if (match(TOKEN_VAR)) {
        varDeclaration();
    } else {
        expressionStatement();
    }

    auto loopStart = currentChunk()->count;
    auto exitJump = -1;
    if (!match(TOKEN_SEMICOLON)) {
        expression();
        consume(TOKEN_SEMICOLON, "Expect ';' after loop condition.");

        exitJump = emitJump(OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE);
        emitByte(OP_POP);
    }

    if (!match(TOKEN_RIGHT_PAREN)) {
        auto bodyJump = emitJump(OP_JUMP);
        auto incrementStart = currentChunk()->count;
        expression();
        emitByte(OP_POP);
        consume(TOKEN_RIGHT_PAREN, "Expect ')' after for clauses.");

        emitLoop(loopStart);
        loopStart = incrementStart;
        patchJump(bodyJump);
    }

    statement();
    emitLoop(loopStart);

    if (exitJump != -1) {
        patchJump(exitJump);
        emitByte(OP_POP);
    }

    endScope();
}

static void ifStatement()
{
    consume(TOKEN_LEFT_PAREN, "Expect '(' after 'if'.");
    expression();
    consume(TOKEN_RIGHT_PAREN, "Expect ')' after condition.");

    auto thenJump = emitJump(OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE);
    emitByte(OP_POP);
    statement();

    int elseJump = emitJump(OP_JUMP);

    patchJump(thenJump);
    emitByte(OP_POP);

    if (match(TOKEN_ELSE)) {
        statement();
    }

    patchJump(elseJump);
}

static void printStatement()
{
    expression();
    consume(TOKEN_SEMICOLON, "Expected ';' after value.");
    emitByte(OP_PRINT);
}

static void returnStatement()
{
    if (current->type == TYPE_SCRIPT) {
        error("Can't return from top-level code.");
    }

    if (match(TOKEN_SEMICOLON)) {
        emitReturn();
    } else {
        if (current->type == TYPE_INITIALIZER) {
            error("Can't return a value from an initializer.");
        }

        expression();
        consume(TOKEN_SEMICOLON, "Expect ';' after return value.");
        emitByte(OP_RETURN);
    }
}

static void whileStatement()
{
    auto loopStart = currentChunk()->count;

    consume(TOKEN_LEFT_PAREN, "EXPECT '(' after 'while'.");
    expression();
    consume(TOKEN_RIGHT_PAREN, "Expect ')' after condition.");

    auto exitJump = emitJump(OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE);
    emitByte(OP_POP);
    statement();
    emitLoop(loopStart);

    patchJump(exitJump);

    emitByte(OP_POP);
}

static void synchronize()
{
    parser.panicMode = false;

    while (parser.current.type != TOKEN_EOF) {
        if (parser.previous.type == TOKEN_SEMICOLON) {
            return;
        }

        switch (parser.current.type) {
        case TOKEN_CLASS:
        case TOKEN_FUN:
        case TOKEN_VAR:
        case TOKEN_FOR:
        case TOKEN_IF:
        case TOKEN_WHILE:
        case TOKEN_PRINT:
        case TOKEN_RETURN:
            return;
        default:
            ;
        }

        advance();
    }
}

static void declaration()
{
    if (match(TOKEN_CLASS)) {
        classDeclaration();
    } else if (match(TOKEN_FUN)) {
        funDeclaration();
    } else if (match(TOKEN_VAR)) {
        varDeclaration();
    } else {
        statement();
    }

    if (parser.panicMode) {
        synchronize();
    }
}

static void statement()
{
    if (match(TOKEN_PRINT)) {
        printStatement();
    } else if (match(TOKEN_IF)) {
        ifStatement();
    } else if (match(TOKEN_RETURN)) {
        returnStatement();
    } else if (match(TOKEN_WHILE)) {
        whileStatement();
    } else if (match(TOKEN_FOR)) {
        forStatement();
    } else if (match(TOKEN_LEFT_BRACE)) {
        beginScope();
        block();
        endScope();
    } else {
        expressionStatement();
    }
}

ObjFunction* compile(const char* source)
{
    initScanner(source);
    Compiler compiler;
    initCompiler(&compiler, TYPE_SCRIPT);

    parser.hadError = false;
    parser.panicMode = false;

    advance();

    while (!match(TOKEN_EOF)) {
        declaration();
    }

    ObjFunction* function = endCompiler();
    return parser.hadError ? nullptr : function;
}

void markCompilerRoots()
{
    Compiler* compiler = current;
    while (compiler != nullptr) {
        markObject((Obj*)compiler->function);
        compiler = compiler->enclosing;
    }
}